Scientists discover one of 'world's oldest brains' belonging to Iron Age man in ritual killing

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• Carbon dating suggests it is around 2,500 years old
• Archaeologists baffled at how brain has survived
  

Archaeologists believe they have discovered one of the world's oldest brains that once belonged to an Iron Age man in Britain who was sacrificed in a ritual killing.Scientists found the cranium in a muddy pit when they were excavating a site before a new campus was to be built at the University of York last year.A researcher reached inside the skull and was stunned when she felt the soft tissue of the brain still preserved.

Grey matter: The 2,500-year-old preserved brain has baffled scientists after it was found during an excavation at the University of York Tests have now revealed that the brain belonged to an Iron Age man who would have been killed in a gruesome ritual killing some 2,500 years ago.Scientists have been baffled by how the brain tissue - which usually rots after a couple at years - managed to remain intact for so long.'The survival of brain remains where no other soft tissues are preserved is extremely rare,' said Sonia O'Connor, research fellow in archaeological sciences at the University of Bradford.'This brain is particularly exciting because it is very well preserved, even though it is the oldest recorded find of this type in the UK, and one of the earliest worldwide.'Philip Duffey, a neurologist at York Hospital who scanned the skull, said: 'I'm amazed and excited that scanning has shown structures which appear to be unequivocally of brain origin.'

Baffled: Dr Sonia O Connor, from the University of Bradford, examines the remains of the brain using an endoscope'I think that it will be very important to establish how these structures have survived, whether there are traces of biological material within them and, if n! ot, what is their composition.'Expertsfrom York Archaeological Trust were commissioned by the university to carry out the exploratory dig before building work on the 750m campus expansion started.

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They discovered the solitary skull face-down in the pit in dark brown organic rich, soft sandy clay.Scientists say that fractures and marks on the bones suggest the man, who was aged between 26 and 45, died most probably from hanging, after which he was carefully decapitated and his head was then buried on its own.The university put together a team of scientists, archaeologists, chemists, bio-archaeologists and neurologists, to establish how the mans brain, could have survived when all the other soft tissue had decayed leaving only the bone.

Remains: Archaeologists sift through the muddy pit at the site near the University of York where the brain was found The team is also investigating details of the mans death and burial that may have contributed to the survival of what is normally highly vulnerable soft tissue.
The research, which was funded by the University of York and English Heritage, is published in the Journal of Archaeological Science.Since the discovery, the brain and skull have been kept in strictly controlled conditions, but scientists have examined samples using a range of sophisticated equipment, including a CT scanner at York Hospital and mass spectrometers at the University of York.Samples of brain material had a DNA sequence that matched sequences found only in a few individuals from Tuscany and the Ne! ar East. Carbon dating suggests the remains date from between 673-482BC.Fractureson the second neck vertebrae point to some kind of trauma before the man died and and a cluster of about nine horizontal fine cut-marks made by a thin-bladed instrument, such as a knife, can be seen on the front of the brain.

Preserved: Brain material shows as dark folded matter at the top of the head in this computer-generated view into the skull

Clean: Scientists said there was no trace on the brain of the usual preservation methods such as embalming smoking Scientists are now investigating how lipids and proteins found in the brain preserved the brain and what happened between the man dying and his burial.Dr OConnor said: 'It is rare to be able to suggest the cause of death for skeletonised human remains of archaeological origin. The preservation of the brain in otherwise skeletonised remains is even more astonishing but not unique.'This is the most thorough investigation ever undertaken of a brain found in a buried skeleton and has allowed us to begin to really understand why brain can survive thousands of years after all the other soft tissues have decayed.'Despite the place that trophy heads appear to have played in Iron Age societies and evidence for the preservation of human remains in the Bronze Age, the researchers say there is no evidence for that in this case. They found no marks indicating deliberate preservation by embalming or smoking.Dr OConnor added: 'The hydrated state of the brain and the lack of evidence for putrefaction suggests that burial, in the fine-grained, anoxic sediments of the pit, occurred very rapidly after death. This is a distinctive and unusual sequence of events, and could be taken as an explanation for the exceptional brain preservation.'

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